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Cadmium Bioavailability
Summary of Principal
Studies of Bioavailability of
Cadmium in Humans
|
Study |
Subject |
Dosing Design |
Biomarker Measured |
Cadium Dose (µg) |
Estimated Bioavailability (%) |
|
Flanagan et al., 1978 |
Males and females
(n=12) with serum ferritin levels 21-100 ng/ml |
Overnight fast
followed by a meal of rolled oats and milk extrinsically labeled
with 115mCdCl2 and 51CrCl3 |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured 1-2 weeks after 51Cr marker was no longer
excreted in the feces (at least 1 week) |
25 |
2.2
± 1.3
(1.0
- 4.8) |
|
Flanagan et al., 1978 |
Males and females
(n=10) with serum ferritin levels 0-20 ng/ml. |
Overnight fast
followed by a meal of rolled oats and milk extrinsically labeled
with 115mCdCl2 and 51CrCl3 |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured 1-2 weeks after 51Cr marker was no longer
excreted in the feces (at least 1 week) |
25 |
9.0
± 6.2
(2 -
22) |
|
McLellan et al., 1978 |
Males and females
(n=14) |
Overnight fast
followed by water containing 115mCdCl2 with a
meal of rolled oats and milk |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured 1-2 weeks after 51Cr marker was no longer
excreted |
22-29 |
4.6
± 4.0
(0.7
- 15.6) |
|
Newton et al., 1984 |
Males (n=7) with serum
ferritin level 17-140 ng/ml. |
Cooked hepatopancreas
gland (sandwich) intrinsically labeled with 115mCdCl2 |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured 4-10 weeks after dosing and extrapolated to dosing
time |
24-140 |
2.7
± 2.3
(1.2
- 7.6) |
|
Rahola et al., 1972 |
Males (n=5) |
Calf kidney suspension
containing115mCd (with Cd-HN03 carrier) |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured for 8-12 weeks, "slow kinetic component"
extrapolated to dosing time |
100 |
5.9
± 0.9
(4.7
- 7.0) |
|
Shaikh and Smith, 1980 |
Males and females
(n=10). |
Calf kidney suspension
containing 109Cd or 115mCd (with CdCl2
carrier), followed by 450 mL of milk |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured for 8-115 weeks, "slow kinetic component"
extrapolated to dosing time |
50 |
2.2
± 0.9
(1.1
-4.1) |
|
Shaikh and Smith, 1980 |
Females (n=2) with low
serum ferritin levels. |
Calf kidney suspension
containing 115Cd or 109Cd (with CdCl2
carrier), followed by 450 mL of milk |
Whole body cadmium
burden measured for 8-115 weeks, "slow kinetic component"
extrapolated to dosing time |
50 |
6.0
(5.1
- 7.0 |
|
|
|
|
Arithmetic mean + SD, range shown in parentheses.
Summary of Estimates of
Bioavailability of Cadmium
in 60 Human Subjects
|
Flanagan et al., 1978 |
Newton et al., 1984 |
McLellan et al., 1978 |
|
Subject |
Ferritin (ng/ml) |
Bioavail.1 (%) |
Subject |
Ferritin (ng/ml) |
Bioavail.1 (%) |
Subject |
Ferritin (ng/ml) |
Bioavail. (%) |
|
1 |
0-20 |
22.0 |
1 |
70 |
7.6 |
1 |
NA |
15.6 |
|
2 |
0-20 |
16.5 |
2 |
140 |
3.3 |
2 |
NA |
9.7 |
|
3 |
0-20 |
10.5 |
3 |
45 |
2.6 |
3 |
NA |
6.6 |
|
4 |
0-20 |
9.5 |
4 |
56 |
1.5 |
4 |
NA |
6.4 |
|
5 |
0-20 |
8.0 |
5 |
17 |
1.3 |
5 |
NA |
4.2 |
|
6 |
0-20 |
7.4 |
6 |
56 |
1.3 |
6 |
NA |
3.9 |
|
7 |
0-20 |
6.8 |
7 |
55 |
1.2 |
7 |
NA |
3.8 |
|
8 |
0-20 |
4.3 |
Mean |
2.7 |
8 |
NA |
3.3 |
|
9 |
0-20 |
3.0 |
SD |
2.3 |
9 |
NA |
2.4 |
|
10 |
0-20 |
2.1 |
Shaikh and Smith,1980 |
10 |
NA |
2.2 |
|
11 |
21-40 |
4.8 |
Subject |
Ferritin (ng/ml) |
Bioavail. (%) |
11 |
NA |
2.2 |
|
12 |
21-40 |
4.0 |
12 |
NA |
1.9 |
|
13 |
21-40 |
2.5 |
1 |
NA |
4.1 |
13 |
NA |
0.8 |
|
14 |
21-40 |
1.8 |
2 |
NA |
3.0 |
14 |
NA |
0.7 |
|
15 |
21-40 |
1.8 |
3 |
NA |
2.8 |
Mean |
4.6 |
|
16 |
21-40 |
1.0 |
4 |
NA |
2.5 |
SD |
4.0 |
|
17 |
21-40 |
0.6 |
5 |
NA |
2.2 |
Rahola et al., 1972 |
|
18 |
41-100 |
3.0 |
6 |
NA |
1.6 |
Subject |
Ferritin (ng/ml) |
Bioavail. (%) |
|
19 |
41-100 |
2.5 |
7 |
NA |
1.5 |
|
20 |
41-100 |
1.8 |
8 |
NA |
1.5 |
1 |
NA |
7.0 |
|
21 |
41-100 |
1.8 |
9 |
NA |
1.4 |
2 |
NA |
6.5 |
|
22 |
41-100 |
0.8 |
10 |
NA |
1.1 |
3 |
NA |
6.0 |
|
Mean |
All |
5.3 |
11 |
<10 |
7.0 |
4 |
NA |
5.4 |
|
SD |
5.4 |
12 |
<10 |
5.1 |
5 |
NA |
4.7 |
|
Mean |
Ferritin 21-100 |
2.2 |
Mean |
All |
2.8 |
Mean |
5.9 |
|
SD |
1.3 |
SD |
1.8 |
SD |
0.9 |
|
Mean |
Ferritin 0-20 |
9.0 |
Mean |
Ferritin>10 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
SD |
6.2 |
SD |
0.9 |
|
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1Bioavailability
estimated from plotted data in the report. |
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References
McLellan, J.S., Flanagan, P.R., Chamberlain, M.J., and Valberg, L.S.
(1978). Measurement of dietary cadmium absorption in humans. J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health 4: 131-138.
Newton, D., Johnson, P.,
Lally, A.E., Pentreath, R.J. and Swift, D.J. (1984). The uptake by man
of cadmium ingested in crab meat. Hum. Toxicol. 3: 23-28.
Rahola, T., Aaran, R.-K., and Miettinen,
J.K. (1972). Half-time studies of mercury and cadmium by wholebody
counting. In: Assessment of Radioactive Contamination in Man,
IAEA-SM-150/13. International Atomic Energy Agency, Unipublisher, New
York. pp. 553-562
Ruoff, W.L., G.L. Diamond, S.F. Velazquez, W.M. Stiteler and D. Gefell.
(1994).
Bioavailability of cadmium
in food and water: A case study on the derivation of relative
bioavailability factors for inorganics and their relevance to the
reference dose. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20: 139-160.
Shaikh, Z.A., and
Smith, J.C. (1980). Metabolism of orally ingested cadmium in humans. In:
Mechanism of Toxicity and Hazard Evaluation. B.Holmstedt, R. Lauwerys,
M. Mercier, M. Roberfroid, eds. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
pp. 569-574. |
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